f23/.gitignore

+**/.ipynb_checkpoints/**
+**/__pycache__/**
\ No newline at end of file

f23/Cole_Lecture_Notes/03_Operators/hello.py

+name = input("Hello! What's your name? ")
+print("It's nice to meet you, " + name)

f23/Cole_Lecture_Notes/05_Using_Functions/Lec_05_Using_Functions_Solution_Nelson.ipynb

+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 1
+# Create 3 variables.
+# Assign each one a data value of a different type.
+my_cool_num = 34
+name = "Cole"
+score1 = 12.2
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Python Variable Names
+*Python* requires that variables...
+ - Only use letters a-z (upper and lower), numbers, and underscores.
+ - Don’t start with a number
+ - Don’t use Python keywords (e.g., `and`, `False`, etc)
+
+In addition, *CS220 Course Staff* ask that variables...
+ - Only use the English alphabet and numbers
+ - Use snake_case for variable names (as opposed to camelCase or PascalCase)
+ - Make variable names *meaningful*
+
+Python won't run for the first set of rules; CS220 course staff will take off points for the second set of rules.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 2
+# Decide if the following variables are valid in Python.
+# Write VALID or INVALID next to them.
+
+# INVALID: my.name = "Meena"
+# INVALID: 1st_place = "Andy"
+# INVALID: stop&go = False
+# INVALID: False = 100
+# VALID:   end_game = True
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 3
+print(True and not False) # Write your prediction here!
+print(type((5 // 1.2))) # Write your prediction here!
+print(1 <= 2 and "a" < "A") # Write your prediction here!
+print(1 <= 2 or "a" < "A") # Write your prediction here!
+print(len("2") + 1) # Write your prediction here!
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    True
+    <class 'float'>
+    False
+    True
+    2
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 4
+
+# Calculate how old a dog is in dog years given the year they were born
+# 1 year is equal to 7 dog years!
+# e.g. a dog born in 2019 is 28 years old (7 * 4)
+
+year_born = 2017
+dog_years = (2023 - year_born) * 7
+print("Your dog is " + str(dog_years) + " years old!")
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Your dog is 42 years old!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 5
+
+# Given the number of seconds, compute the number of hours, minutes, and seconds.
+#  e.g. if seconds is 65, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 0 1 5
+#  e.g. if seconds is 192, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 0 3 12
+#  e.g. if seconds is 3739, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 1 2 19
+
+seconds = 3739
+
+# First, we have to get the number of hours.
+# There are 60 * 60 = 3600 seconds in an hour, so
+# we use integer division to get the whole number of hours.
+hours = seconds // 3600
+
+# What we have left over is the remainder of seconds.
+# We use the modulos operator to get the remainder.
+seconds = seconds % 3600
+
+# Same thing for minutes!
+# We use integer division to get the whole number of minutes.
+minutes = seconds // 60
+
+# What we have left over is the remainder of seconds.
+seconds = seconds % 60
+
+# Print out our results
+print(hours)
+print(minutes)
+print(seconds)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    1
+    2
+    19
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+# CS220: Lecture 05
+
+
+## Learning Objectives
+
+- Call `input()` to accept and process string input
+- Call type cast functions to convert to appropriate type: `int()`, `bool()`, `float()`, `str()`
+    - Concatenate values onto strings within a print function by converting to `str()`
+- Using correct vocabulary, explain a function call
+    - call/invoke, parameter, argument, keyword (named) arguments, return value
+- Use `sep`, `end` keyword arguments with the print() function
+- Use some common built-in functions such as round(), abs()
+- import functions from a built-in module using `import`, `from`
+- Call functions in modules using the attribute operator `.`
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Vocabulary
+
+| Term | Definition |
+| :- | :- |
+| function definition | a grouping of lines of code; a way for us to tell our program to run that entire group of code |
+| call / invoke | a statement that instructs the program to run all the lines of code in a function definition, and then come back afterward |
+| parameter | variable that receives input to function |
+| argument | value sent to a function (lines up with parameter) |
+| keyword (named) argument | argument explicitly tied to a parameter |
+| return value | function output sent back to calling code |
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Previously Used Functions.
+We have used functions before! Namely `print`, `type`, and `len`.
+
+What parameters did they have; what arguments did we send them?
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print("hello world")
+print(len("apples"))
+print(type(1 < 2))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    hello world
+    6
+    <class 'bool'>
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+Let's take a closer look at the `print` function.
+ 1. Use the [official Python reference](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print)
+ 2. Use the [w3schools reference](https://www.w3schools.com/python/ref_func_print.asp)
+ 3. Use the `help` function
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+help(print)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Help on built-in function print in module builtins:
+    
+    print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False)
+        Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
+    
+        sep
+          string inserted between values, default a space.
+        end
+          string appended after the last value, default a newline.
+        file
+          a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
+        flush
+          whether to forcibly flush the stream.
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print("1", "two", "3!")
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    1 two 3!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Can you add a keyword argument that will connect the names with the word 'and'?
+print('Bob', 'Alice', 'Dylan', 'Gretchen', sep=' and ')
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Bob and Alice and Dylan and Gretchen
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Can you add a keyword argument that will make the output appear on a single line?
+
+print('Good', end=' ')
+print('Morning!')
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Good Morning!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Guess what will get printed
+print("hello", "world", sep = "|", end = ";\n")
+print("its", "so", "cold", sep = "^", end = "...\n")
+
+print("*" * 4, "#" * 6, sep = "\t", end = "<END>")
+print("*" * 6, "#" * 8, sep = "||", end = "<END>")
+
+print("\n", end = "")
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    hello|world;
+    its^so^cold...
+    ****	######<END>******||########<END>
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Type Conversion Functions
+
+| Function | Purpose |
+| :- | :- |
+| `int(value)` | Turns `value` into an integer |
+| `float(value)` | Turns `value` into a float |
+| `str(value)` | Turns `value` into a string |
+| `bool(value)` | Turns `value` into a boolean |
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code works!
+name = input("Enter your name: ")
+print(type(name))
+print("Hello " + name + "!")
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Enter your name: Cole
+    <class 'str'>
+    Hello Cole!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code doesn't work! Try to fix it.
+age = input("Enter your age: ")
+print(type(age))
+age = int(age)
+age = age + 10 # we can shorten this to age += 10
+print("In 10 years, you will be " + str(age))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Enter your age: 25
+    <class 'str'>
+    In 10 years, you will be 35
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code doesn't work! Try to fix it.
+temp = input("Enter your temperature: ")
+print(type(temp))
+temp_ok = float(temp) < 101.1
+print(type(temp_ok))
+print("You can enter lab: " + str(temp_ok))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Enter your temperature: 98.7
+    <class 'str'>
+    <class 'bool'>
+    You can enter lab: True
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Other Built-In Functions
+We can refer to [this resource](https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_functions.asp) to see other built-in functions in Python. Let's practice using `round` and `abs`.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Print the help documentation for the round function
+print(help(round))
+# Print the help documentation for the abs function
+print(help(abs))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Help on built-in function round in module builtins:
+    
+    round(number, ndigits=None)
+        Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
+    
+        The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
+        the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.
+    
+    None
+    Help on built-in function abs in module builtins:
+    
+    abs(x, /)
+        Return the absolute value of the argument.
+    
+    None
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Round the number 84.7
+round(84.7)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    85
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Round the number 19.74812 to the second decimal place
+round(19.74812, ndigits=2)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    19.75
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Get the absolute value of -12
+abs(-12)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    12
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Get the square root of 81
+# This was a trick question! Math is not built-in. We must import it below.
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Importing From Other Modules
+We'll look at two other common modules (collections of functions): `math` and `random`.
+
+There are a few ways we can do this...
+ - We can write `import <module_name>` and use a function by `<module_name>.<function_name>`.
+ - We can write `from <module_name> import <function_name>` and use a function(s) directly by its name.
+ - We can write `from <module_name> import *` and directly use any function by name.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Normally we like to have our imports at the top of our notebook
+import math
+import random
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Use the . (attribute accessor)
+math.sqrt(17)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    4.123105625617661
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Import the function directly
+from math import sqrt, cos
+print(sqrt(17))
+print(cos(91))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    4.123105625617661
+    -0.9943674609282015
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Import all functions directly
+from math import *
+print(tan(100))
+print(sin(9183))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    -0.5872139151569291
+    -0.12435083079901083
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+from random import randint
+print(randint(1,10))
+
+# wrong way to call randint
+#print(random.randint(1,10))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    2
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+```

f23/Cole_Lecture_Notes/05_Using_Functions/Lec_05_Using_Functions_Template_Nelson.ipynb

+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 1
+# Create 3 variables.
+# Assign each one a data value of a different type.
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Python Variable Names
+*Python* requires that variables...
+ - Only use letters a-z (upper and lower), numbers, and underscores.
+ - Don’t start with a number
+ - Don’t use Python keywords (e.g., `and`, `False`, etc)
+
+In addition, *CS220 Course Staff* ask that variables...
+ - Only use the English alphabet and numbers
+ - Use snake_case for variable names (as opposed to camelCase or PascalCase)
+ - Make variable names *meaningful*
+
+Python won't run for the first set of rules; CS220 course staff will take off points for the second set of rules.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 2
+# Decide if the following variables are valid in Python.
+# Write VALID or INVALID next to them.
+
+# my.name = "Meena"
+# 1st_place = "Andy"
+# stop&go = False
+# False = 100
+# end_game = True
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 3
+print(True and not False) # Write your prediction here!
+print(type((5 // 1.2))) # Write your prediction here!
+print(1 <= 2 and "a" < "A") # Write your prediction here!
+print(1 <= 2 or "a" < "A") # Write your prediction here!
+print(len("2") + 1) # Write your prediction here!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 4
+
+# Calculate how old a dog is in dog years given the year they were born
+# 1 year is equal to 7 dog years!
+# e.g. a dog born in 2019 is 28 years old (7 * 4)
+
+year_born = 2017
+dog_years = ???
+print("Your dog is " + str(dog_years) + " years old!")
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 5
+
+# Given the number of seconds, compute the number of hours, minutes, and seconds.
+#  e.g. if seconds is 65, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 0 1 5
+#  e.g. if seconds is 192, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 0 3 12
+#  e.g. if seconds is 3739, the correct output (with \n in-between) is 1 2 19
+
+seconds = 3739
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+# CS220: Lecture 05
+
+
+## Learning Objectives
+
+- Call `input()` to accept and process string input
+- Call type cast functions to convert to appropriate type: `int()`, `bool()`, `float()`, `str()`
+    - Concatenate values onto strings within a print function by converting to `str()`
+- Using correct vocabulary, explain a function call
+    - call/invoke, parameter, argument, keyword (named) arguments, return value
+- Use `sep`, `end` keyword arguments with the print() function
+- Use some common built-in functions such as round(), abs()
+- import functions from a built-in module using `import`, `from`
+- Call functions in modules using the attribute operator `.`
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Vocabulary
+
+| Term | Definition |
+| :- | :- |
+| function definition | a grouping of lines of code; a way for us to tell our program to run that entire group of code |
+| call / invoke | a statement that instructs the program to run all the lines of code in a function definition, and then come back afterward |
+| parameter | variable that receives input to function |
+| argument | value sent to a function (lines up with parameter) |
+| keyword (named) argument | argument explicitly tied to a parameter |
+| return value | function output sent back to calling code |
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Previously Used Functions.
+We have used functions before! Namely `print`, `type`, and `len`.
+
+What parameters did they have; what arguments did we send them?
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print("hello world")
+print(len("apples"))
+print(type(1 < 2))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+Let's take a closer look at the `print` function.
+ 1. Use the [official Python reference](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print)
+ 2. Use the [w3schools reference](https://www.w3schools.com/python/ref_func_print.asp)
+ 3. Use the `help` function
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+help(print)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print("1", "two", "3!")
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Can you add a keyword argument that will connect the names with the word 'and'?
+print('Bob', 'Alice', 'Dylan', 'Gretchen')
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Can you add a keyword argument that will make the output appear on a single line?
+print('Good')
+print('Morning!')
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Guess what will get printed
+print("hello", "world", sep = "|", end = ";\n")
+print("its", "so", "cold", sep = "^", end = "...\n")
+
+print("*" * 4, "#" * 6, sep = "\t", end = "<END>")
+print("*" * 6, "#" * 8, sep = "||", end = "<END>")
+
+print("\n", end = "")
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Type Conversion Functions
+
+| Function | Purpose |
+| :- | :- |
+| `int(value)` | Turns `value` into an integer |
+| `float(value)` | Turns `value` into a float |
+| `str(value)` | Turns `value` into a string |
+| `bool(value)` | Turns `value` into a boolean |
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code works!
+name = input("Enter your name: ")
+print(type(name))
+print("Hello " + name + "!")
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code doesn't work! Try to fix it.
+age = input("Enter your age: ")
+print(type(age))
+age = age + 10 # we can shorten this to age += 10
+print("In 10 years, you will be " + str(age))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This code doesn't work! Try to fix it.
+temp = input("Enter your temperature: ")
+print(type(temp))
+temp_ok = temp < 101.1
+print("You can enter lab: " + str(temp_ok))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Other Built-In Functions
+We can refer to [this resource](https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_functions.asp) to see other built-in functions in Python. Let's practice using `round` and `abs`.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Print the help documentation for the round function
+
+# Print the help documentation for the abs function
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Round the number 84.7
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Round the number 19.74812 to the second decimal place
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Get the absolute value of -12
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Get the square root of 81
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### Importing From Other Modules
+We'll look at two other common modules (collections of functions): `math` and `random`.
+
+There are a few ways we can do this...
+ - We can write `import <module_name>` and use a function by `<module_name>.<function_name>`.
+ - We can write `from <module_name> import <function_name>` and use a function(s) directly by its name.
+ - We can write `from <module_name> import *` and directly use any function by name.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Normally we like to have our imports at the top of our notebook
+import math
+import random
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Use the . (attribute accessor)
+math.sqrt(17)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Import the function directly
+from math import sqrt
+print(sqrt(17))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+from random import randint
+print(randint(1,10))
+
+# wrong way to call randint
+#print(random.randint(1,10))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Import all functions directly
+from math import *
+```

f23/Cole_Lecture_Notes/06_Creating_Functions/Lec_06_Creating_Functions_Solution_Nelson.ipynb

+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 1
+# Get the user's name using the input function.
+# Then, print out 'Hello, NAME'
+name = input("What is your name? ")
+print("Hello,", name)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    What is your name? Cole
+    Hello, Cole
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 2
+# Ask the user for a number, then tell them the sqrt of it.
+# HINT: sqrt needs to be imported from math!
+import math
+num = float(input("What number would you like to root? "))
+rt_num = math.sqrt(num)
+print("The sqrt of " + str(num) + " is " + str(rt_num))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    What number would you like to root? 81
+    The sqrt of 81.0 is 9.0
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 3
+# Fix the code below. What type of error(s) did you fix?
+x = input("Tell me a number! ")
+is_even = (float(x) % 2 == 0)
+print("That number is even: " + str(is_even))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Tell me a number! 9
+    That number is even: False
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+# Creating Functions
+
+## Readings
+
+- Parts of Chapter 3 of Think Python,
+- Chapter 5.5 to 5.8 of Python for Everybody
+- Creating Fruitful Functions
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Learning Objectives
+
+- Explain the syntax of a function header:
+    - def, ( ), :, tabbing, return
+- Write a function with:
+    - correct header and indentation
+    - a return value (fruitful function) or without (void function)
+    - parameters that have default values
+- Write a function knowing the difference in outcomes of print and return statements
+- Explain how positional, keyword, and default arguments are copied into parameters
+- Make function calls using positional, keyword, and default arguments and determine the result.
+- Trace function invocations to determine control flow
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## More Warmup
+Let's try some more problems not covered in Friday's lecture!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# On the line below, import the time module
+import time
+start_time = time.time()
+x = 2**1000000000 # a very long computation
+end_time = time.time()
+
+# Change the line below to compute the time difference
+difference = end_time - start_time
+
+# Seperate each time with a '\n'
+print(start_time, end_time, difference, sep='\n')
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    1695004233.8965383
+    1695004246.588747
+    12.692208766937256
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+help(time.time)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    Help on built-in function time in module time:
+    
+    time(...)
+        time() -> floating point number
+    
+        Return the current time in seconds since the Epoch.
+        Fractions of a second may be present if the system clock provides them.
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# From the math module, import only the log10 function
+from math import log10
+# Then, print the log base 10 of 1000
+log10(1000)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    3.0
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This one is done for you as an example!
+# Note: importing with 'wildcard' * is generally considered bad practice
+from math import *  # allows us to use all functions without writing math
+print(pi)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    3.141592653589793
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Try importing and printing 'pi' the proper way!
+
+from math import pi
+print(pi)
+
+# or
+
+import math
+print(math.pi)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    3.141592653589793
+    3.141592653589793
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Functions
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Write a function that cubes any number
+
+def cube(side):
+    return side ** 3
+
+# The first line is called the function header
+# Notice that all the other lines are indented the same amount (4 spaces)
+# The best practice in Jupyter Notebook is to press tab
+# If you don't run the cell, Jupyter Notebook won't know about the function
+
+# We'll use PythonTutor to help us out!
+# https://pythontutor.com/
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Now we call/invoke the cube function!
+print(cube(5))
+print(cube(4) + cube(-3))
+print(cube(cube(2)))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    125
+    37
+    512
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# In the bad_cube function definition, use print instead of return
+def bad_cube(side):
+    print(side ** 3)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Explain what goes wrong in these function calls.
+# bad_cube does not return anything, it only prints to the screen
+# So we return None, and store it in x.
+x = bad_cube(5)
+print(x)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    125
+    None
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## `return` vs `print`
+- `return` enables us to send output from a function to the calling place
+    - default `return` value is `None`
+    - that means, when you don't have a `return` statement, `None` will be returned
+- `print` function simply displays / prints something
+    - it cannot enable you to produce output from a function
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Write a function that determines if one number is between two other numbers
+# return a boolean ... True or False
+def is_between(lower, num, upper):
+    return lower <= num <= upper # also:  num >= lower and num <= upper
+
+# you can call a function in the same cell that you defined it
+print(is_between(3, 7, 21))
+print(is_between(2, 14, 5))
+print(is_between(100, cube(5), 200))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    True
+    False
+    True
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Example 3: write a function get_grid that works like this:
+# get_grid(5, 3, "@") returns the string
+# @@@@@
+# @@@@@
+# @@@@@
+
+# Let's practice Incremental Coding
+# first, try to do this with string operators and literals
+width = 5
+height = 3
+symbol = '#'
+print(((symbol * 5) + '\n') * 3)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    #####
+    #####
+    #####
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# then, try to do this with variables
+width = 5
+height = 3
+symbol = '#'
+print(((symbol * width) + '\n') * height)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    #####
+    #####
+    #####
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# now, try to write a function
+# think about what would be good names for the parameters
+
+def get_grid(width, height, symb):
+    return (((symb * width) + '\n') * height)
+
+my_grid = get_grid(5, 3, "*");
+# do some code
+2**1000000000
+# ...
+print(my_grid)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    *****
+    *****
+    *****
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Finally, add in a parameter for a title that appears above the grid
+def get_grid_with_title(width, height, symb, title='My Grid'):
+    row = (symb * width) + '\n'
+    grid = ((row) * height)
+    return title + '\n' + grid
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(get_grid_with_title(7, 7, title='CS220 Grid', symb='&'))
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    CS220 Grid
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    &&&&&&&
+    
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Types of arguments
+- positional
+- keyword
+- default
+
+Python fills arguments in this order: positional, keyword,
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def add3(x, y = 100, z = 100):
+    """adds three numbers"""       #documentation string
+    print ("x = " + str(x))
+    print ("y = " + str(y))
+    print ("z = " + str(z))
+    return x + y + z
+
+addition_of_3 = add3(100, 10, 5)
+print(addition_of_3)
+# TODO: 1. sum is a bad variable, discuss: why. What would be a better variable name?
+# TODO: 2. what type of arguments are 100, 10, and 5?
+help(add3)
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    x = 100
+    y = 10
+    z = 5
+    115
+    Help on function add3 in module __main__:
+    
+    add3(x, y=100, z=100)
+        adds three numbers
+    
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(add3(x = 1, z = 2, y = 5)) #TODO: what type of arguments are these?
+# These are keyword arguments
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    x = 1
+    y = 5
+    z = 2
+    8
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+add3(5, 6) # TODO: what type of argument gets filled for the parameter z?
+# 5 and 6 are positional arguments.
+# z has a default argument of 100.
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+    x = 5
+    y = 6
+    z = 100
+
+    111
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+Positional arguments need to be specified before keyword arguments.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function call
+add3(z = 5, 2, 7)
+# TODO: what category of error is this?
+# Syntax Error
+```
+
+%% Output
+
+      Cell In[22], line 2
+        add3(z = 5, 2, 7)
+                        ^
+    SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function definition
+# We must specify non-default arguments first
+def add3_bad_version(x = 10, y, z):
+    """adds three numbers"""              #documentation string
+    return x + y + z
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function call
+add3(5, 3, 10, x = 4)
+# TODO: what category of error is this?
+# Runtime Error
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# TODO: will this function call work?
+add3(y = 5, z = 10)
+# No, we are missing an argument for x
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# TODO: will this function call work?
+add3()
+# No, we are missing an argument for x
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## fruitful function versus void function
+- fruitful function: returns something
+    - ex: add3
+- void function: doesn't return anything
+    - ex: bad_add3_v1
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Example of void function
+def bad_add3_v1(x, y, z):
+    print(x + y + z)
+
+print(bad_add3_v1(4, 2, 1))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(bad_add3_v1(4, 2, 1) ** 2) # Cannot apply mathematical operator to None
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### `return` statement is final
+- exactly *one* `return` statement gets executed for a function call
+- immediately after encountering `return`, function execution terminates
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def bad_add3_v2(x, y, z):
+    return x
+    return x + y + z      # will never execute
+
+bad_add3_v2(50, 60, 70)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Tracing
+- Try tracing this manually...
+- ...then use [PythonTutor](https://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=def%20func_c%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22C%22%29%0A%0Adef%20func_b%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22B1%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20func_c%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22B2%22%29%0A%0Adef%20func_a%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22A1%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20func_b%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22A2%22%29%0A%0Afunc_a%28%29&cumulative=false&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=edit&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def func_c():
+    print("C")
+
+def func_b():
+    print("B1")
+    func_c()
+    print("B2")
+
+def func_a():
+    print("A1")
+    func_b()
+    print("A2")
+
+func_a()
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Explain worksheet, start part one of each problem
+# This worksheet has questions very similar to your exam!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+```

f23/Cole_Lecture_Notes/06_Creating_Functions/Lec_06_Creating_Functions_Template_Nelson.ipynb

+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 1
+# Get the user's name using the input function.
+# Then, print out 'Hello, NAME'
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 2
+# Ask the user for a number, then tell them the sqrt of it.
+# HINT: sqrt needs to be imported from math!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Warmup 3
+# Fix the code below. What type of error(s) did you fix?
+x = input("Tell me a number! ")
+is-even = (x % 2 == 0)
+print("That number is even: " + is-even)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+# Creating Functions
+
+## Readings
+
+- Parts of Chapter 3 of Think Python,
+- Chapter 5.5 to 5.8 of Python for Everybody
+- Creating Fruitful Functions
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Learning Objectives
+
+- Explain the syntax of a function header:
+    - def, ( ), :, tabbing, return
+- Write a function with:
+    - correct header and indentation
+    - a return value (fruitful function) or without (void function)
+    - parameters that have default values
+- Write a function knowing the difference in outcomes of print and return statements
+- Explain how positional, keyword, and default arguments are copied into parameters
+- Make function calls using positional, keyword, and default arguments and determine the result.
+- Trace function invocations to determine control flow
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## More Warmup
+Let's try some more problems not covered in Friday's lecture!
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# On the line below, import the time module
+
+
+
+start_time = time.time()
+x = 2**1000000000 # a very long computation
+end_time = time.time()
+
+difference = end_time - start_time
+
+# Seperate each time with a '\n'
+print(start_time, end_time, difference)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+help(time.time)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# From the math module, import only the log10 function
+
+# Then, print the log base 10 of 1000
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# This one is done for you as an example!
+# Note: importing with 'wildcard' * is generally considered bad practice
+from math import *  # allows us to use all functions without writing math
+print(pi)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Try importing and printing 'pi' the proper way!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Functions
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Write a function that cubes any number
+
+
+
+# The first line is called the function header
+# Notice that all the other lines are indented the same amount (4 spaces)
+# The best practice in Jupyter Notebook is to press tab
+# If you don't run the cell, Jupyter Notebook won't know about the function
+
+# We'll use PythonTutor to help us out!
+# https://pythontutor.com/
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Now we call/invoke the cube function!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# In the bad_cube function definition, use print instead of return
+def bad_cube(side):
+    pass
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Explain what goes wrong in these function calls.
+
+
+x = bad_cube(5)
+print(x)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## `return` vs `print`
+- `return` enables us to send output from a function to the calling place
+    - default `return` value is `None`
+    - that means, when you don't have a `return` statement, `None` will be returned
+- `print` function simply displays / prints something
+    - it cannot enable you to produce output from a function
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Write a function that determines if one number is between two other numbers
+# return a boolean ... True or False
+def is_between(lower, num, upper):
+    pass
+
+# you can call a function in the same cell that you defined it
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Example 3: write a function get_grid that works like this:
+# get_grid(5, 3, "@") returns the string
+# @@@@@
+# @@@@@
+# @@@@@
+
+# Let's practice Incremental Coding
+# first, try to do this with string operators and literals
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# then, try to do this with variables
+width = 5
+height = 3
+symbol = '#'
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# now, try to write a function
+# think about what would be good names for the parameters
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Finally, add in a parameter for a title that appears above the grid
+def get_grid_with_title(width, height, symb, title='My Grid'):
+    pass
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(get_grid_with_title(7, 7, title='CS220 Grid', symb='&'))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Types of arguments
+- positional
+- keyword
+- default
+
+Python fills arguments in this order: positional, keyword,
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def add3(x, y = 100, z = 100):
+    """adds three numbers"""       #documentation string
+    print ("x = " + str(x))
+    print ("y = " + str(y))
+    print ("z = " + str(z))
+    return x + y + z
+
+addition_of_3 = add3(100, 10, 5)
+print(addition_of_3)
+# TODO: 1. sum is a bad variable, discuss: why. What would be a better variable name?
+# TODO: 2. what type of arguments are 100, 10, and 5?
+help(add3)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(add3(x = 1, z = 2, y = 5)) #TODO: what type of arguments are these?
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+add3(5, 6) # TODO: what type of argument gets filled for the parameter z?
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+Positional arguments need to be specified before keyword arguments.
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function call
+add3(z = 5, 2, 7)
+# TODO: what category of error is this?
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function definition
+# We must specify non-default arguments first
+def add3_bad_version(x = 10, y, z):
+    """adds three numbers"""              #documentation string
+    return x + y + z
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Incorrect function call
+add3(5, 3, 10, x = 4)
+# TODO: what category of error is this?
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# TODO: will this function call work?
+add3(y = 5, z = 10)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# TODO: will this function call work?
+add3()
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## fruitful function versus void function
+- fruitful function: returns something
+    - ex: add3
+- void function: doesn't return anything
+    - ex: bad_add3_v1
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Example of void function
+def bad_add3_v1(x, y, z):
+    print(x + y + z)
+
+print(bad_add3_v1(4, 2, 1))
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+print(bad_add3_v1(4, 2, 1) ** 2) # Cannot apply mathematical operator to None
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+### `return` statement is final
+- exactly *one* `return` statement gets executed for a function call
+- immediately after encountering `return`, function execution terminates
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def bad_add3_v2(x, y, z):
+    return x
+    return x + y + z      # will never execute
+
+bad_add3_v2(50, 60, 70)
+```
+
+%% Cell type:markdown id: tags:
+
+## Tracing
+- Try tracing this manually...
+- ...then use [PythonTutor](https://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=def%20func_c%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22C%22%29%0A%0Adef%20func_b%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22B1%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20func_c%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22B2%22%29%0A%0Adef%20func_a%28%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22A1%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20func_b%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20print%28%22A2%22%29%0A%0Afunc_a%28%29&cumulative=false&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=edit&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+def func_c():
+    print("C")
+
+def func_b():
+    print("B1")
+    func_c()
+    print("B2")
+
+def func_a():
+    print("A1")
+    func_b()
+    print("A2")
+
+func_a()
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+# Explain worksheet, start part one of each problem
+# This worksheet has questions very similar to your exam!
+```
+
+%% Cell type:code id: tags:
+
+``` python
+```